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Level 1>$section>$unit>ecodesign

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ecodesign

Sandra Domenek

version: production (0.335)
date: October 07, 2024
content: 39 slides
class: Level 1>$section>$unit>ecodesign
title: ecodesign
source: ecodesign.pptx
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Eco-design

note: ### Eco-design

Programme: Introduction to eco-design Innovative design Eco-design tools Generative tools Evaluative tools - Circularity indicators

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Introduction to eco -design

note: ### Introduction to eco -design

Espace réservé du texte 2 What is eco-design for? Espace réservé du texte 2 Protection of the environment Innovative advantage Compliance with and anticipation of legislation Growing marked demand of environmentally friendly products Enhancing enterprise’s image Redesign of industrial processes, reduce manufacturing and logistics costs Detection of new opportunities for value creation Set apart from competitors Develop new markets of higher added value Stimulate innovation - Credits : Ecodesign Today, Wordpress

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Definition and legal framework

note: ### Definition and legal framework

Espace réservé du texte 2 Eco-design, also known as ecological design, sustainable design, or responsible design, emerges as a desire to create products while respecting the principles of sustainable development. This holistic approach incorporates the notion of environmental protection from the conception of goods to their end-of-life, including responsible waste management. Eco-design considers all stages of the life of a product or service, from production to use to distribution to end-of-life management. The term Eco-design is very intertwined with the EU Framework established in 2005: the European Eco-design Directive. The Eco-design Directive wants to make durable and sustainable products the norm. It was first developed for energy-consuming products, providing Eco-design rules to limit the energy consumption of electronics. Its rules now expand to other branches under the “Eco-design for - Sustainable Products Regulation” (ESPR) which entered into force in 2024.

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Eco-design for - Sustainable Products Regulation

note: ### Eco-design for Sustainable Products Regulation

https://commission.europa.EU/energy-climate-change-environment/standards-tools-and-labels/products-labelling-rules-and-requirements/ecodesign-sustainable-products-regulation_en 5

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Eco-design for - Sustainable Products Regulation

note: ### Eco-design for Sustainable Products Regulation

Specific measures concern: Digital product passport Rules to addres s destruction of unsold consumer goods - Green public procurement

https://commission.europa.EU/energy-climate-change-environment/standards-tools-and-labels/products-labelling-rules-and-requirements/ecodesign-sustainable-products-regulation_en 6

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Characteristics of the eco-design approach

note: ### Characteristics of the eco-design approach

Espace réservé du texte 2 Eco-design is a “multi-step” and “multi-criteria” analysis. It is a design approach taking into consideration the environmental impacts of the product during its whole lifecycle. The objective is to reduce ecological footprint of a product at equal functionality or equal service delivered. Espace réservé du texte 2 Keep in mind that each step of the lifecycle is source of impact(s). -> For optimization it is necessary to have a holistic, integrative point of view .

Van Hemel, C. G. (1998), EcoDesign empirically explored, Design for environment in Dutch small and medium sized enterprises, Delft, Delft University of - Technology . 7

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Environmental impacts

note: ### Environmental impacts 1- There are different types of environmental impacts: depletion of natural resources, global warming, water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, etc. 2- The environmental impacts of a product can be generated during the different stages of the life cycle: production, transport, distribution, use, end of life. 3- There is no “zero impact” product : any product needs raw materials and energy, must be packaged and transported, will become waste. 8

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Calculation of the reduction of environmental impact

note: ### Calculation of the reduction of environmental impact I Impact PS Product system: all products necessary for one service FU Elementary functional unit - In conclusion: It is sufficient to reduce at least one impact without increasing or creating another. I’ FU(i) (PS version A’) < I FU(i) (PS version A) Credits: Ventère, 2012, Techniques de l’Ingénieur, [G 6000] Eco-design needs to be evidenced by the analysis and quantification of the environmental impact. Such as: 9

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Fundamental principles

note: ### Fundamental principles Every improvement of ecological quality should be done, even if small Use life-cycle thinking and multi-criteria analysis to prevent shifting ecological burdens from one step to one other Define the functions of the product with regards to the service for the user - Use « ecological common sense » Quantify ecological impacts 10

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Evolution of freedom in the design process

note: Evolution of freedom in the design process commentaire /explication du graphique: prendre les mesures dépuis le début. Mettre en valeur les outilq à utiliser depuis le début: generative: expliquer les outils generaitces Auteur Sandra, development stages of a product: de

Evolution of freedom in the design process TIME Early Development Stages Late Development Stages Degree of Freedom Cost of - Change Environmental Lock-In GENERATIVE EVALUATIVE TOOLS AND MODELS

In the design process, freedom and cost are related. This diagram illustrates the cost of changes to design processes across various stages. The earlier one starts the eco-design process, the better. Making design changes in the late stages incurs higher costs. Eco-design can apply to a product at any stage of its development. In the early design phase, innovative design tools are used to shift perspectives and generate new concepts. In the later development phases, the focus shifts to optimizing existing processes. Various tools support the design process: in the early stages, generative tools and models are applied, while in the later stages, evaluative tools and models are adapted. 11

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Eco-design

note: ### Eco-design

Programme: Introduction to eco -design Innovative design Eco-design tools Generative tools Evaluative tools - Circularity indicators

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Innovative design

note: ### Innovative design

Espace réservé du texte 2 Unlike redesign, innovative design implies a paradigm shift that requires inventing new systems or products. To achieve this, it is necessary: Redefining what one seeks to create as a service, a function… This requires exploring the expectations of the needs of the people (customers but not only producers, processors…) who will be affected by this innovation . To move from a knowledge exploitation mode (I mobilize the knowledge that I have or that my group has) to a mode of exploration of knowledge : to go in search of knowledge that exists but which I do not have and therefore I do not think to mobilize or identify the knowledge that needs to be created to achieve innovation. The conceptual framework for innovative design is the C-K theory . www.ck-theory.org

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Innovative design C-K theory

note: ### Innovative design C-K theory

Espace réservé du texte 2 C-K theory describes and explains the reasoning of a designer as he thinks of and designs a new object – a new product, service, or process. In addition to its explanatory power, this theoretical framework provides powerful generative mechanisms to overcome cognitive obstacles, thus improving our ability to innovate. C-K theory relies on the interaction between two spaces: the C oncept and the K nowledge spaces. THE C-SPACE The map of all possibilities This is the space where you can imagine and explore new concepts, which can sometimes seem impossible, crazy or insane. Contrary to what one might think, this space is very structured: ideas are broken down and represented in the form of a concept tree. THE K-SPACE The knowledge library - This is the space where you put all the knowledge you use or need to imagine or design new concepts. Since a new idea never comes from nowhere: it is a combination of things you know, you have seen, read or heard. Espace réservé du texte 2 www.ck-theory.org

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Innovative design C-K theory

note: ### Innovative design C-K theory

Innovative proposition can be widened by acquired knowledge From: Wikipedia: C-K theory by - Armand Hatchuel Existing and acquired knowledge helps to formulate propositions; knowledge acquisition is driven by novel product propositions

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Design process

note: ### Design process – Creative problem solving In each step: Divergent and convergent thinking. Divergent phase: Collect all individual ideas Convergent phase: Elaborate collective synthesis and idea selection Never mix up task 1 and 2 ! They are strictly separated in time. Method from Alex Osborn and - Sid Parnes 16

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Principles of creative problem solving

note: ### Principles of creative problem solving Source: INRAE – Formations on creative problem solving – L. Prevosto From the theory of Alex Osborne - Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem Solving. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953 Espace réservé du texte 2 Brainstorming techniques: Techniques to change context for idea generation: Inspiration by images - Changing context: In the future, in a space capsule, …. Writing of constraint texts …. Ask problems as questions. Open-ended questions generate more answers, problem statements tend to generate limited responses . Defer or suspend judgment in divergent phases. Early judging solutions early on tends to shut down idea generation. In convergent phases time is given to evaluate ideas. Focus on “Yes, and,” rather than “No, but.” “Yes, and” encourages to expand thoughts. “But” – even if preceded by “yes” ends conversation and can negates previous ideas. Balance divergent and convergent thinking and separate those processes. 17

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Eco-design

note: ### Eco-design

Programme: Introduction to eco-design Innovative design Eco-design tools Generative tools Evaluative tools - Circularity indicators

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Eco-design Tools Generative tools

note: Ajouter check list: 5 R

Eco-design Tools Generative tools

Espace réservé du texte 2 Generative tools aim to steer the design process by incorporating principles, checklists, and guidelines. These are beneficial for integrating sustainability considerations at the forefront during the design and ideation phases. They aid in idea generation. Often require a high level of expertise. Attention should be paid to avoiding cherry-picking !

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Qualitative rules “of the thumb”

note: ### Qualitative rules “of the thumb” 6 “R”s Rethink product and its functions Repair (design for easy repairing) Replac e harmful substances - Reuse (ease disassembly, return and use again) Reduce energy, materials, … Recycle (use recycled materials, design for recycling) 20

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Some rules of the thumb for packaging

note: ### Some rules of the thumb for packaging Use less material (thinner packaging with adapted performance) Increase shelf-life of products (re-use pallets and interlayers) Decrease use of high-energy and water consuming products Design for improved end-of-life management Decrease voids: adapt packaging height, improve stacking ability, … Optimize palletization plans Reduce wastes from laize edges and thermoforming Minimize size of labels Optimize grouping packages - Compare technical specifications of suppliers and look for innovations 21

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The 12 principles of green chemistry

note: ### The 12 principles of green chemistry

from Anastas et Warner, 1998

1: Thou shall avoid waste 2: Thou shall design safe products (avoid toxicity) 3: Thou shall design safe processes (avoid hazardous syntheses leaving toxic waste and by-products) 4: Thou shall use renewable feedstocks (rather than depleting ones) 5: Thou shall use catalysts rather than stoichiometric reagents 6: Thou shall avoid temporary modifications (protection – deprotection steps) 7: Thou shall incorporate all material in thy product (avoid atom waste) 8: Thou shall use safe reaction conditions (avoid solvents, or use innocuous ones) 9: Thou shall optimize energy efficiency (ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible) 10: Thou shall keep end of life in mind 11: Thou shall prevent pollution 12: Thy products shall be safe (minimize potential for chemical accidents, explosions, fires…) Similar lists: Ten Golden Rules, Design for - Environment Principles De Koeijer, Pack Tech & Sci, 2017 22

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Eco-design Lids wheel

note: Lids wheel organizes those lists in what needs do be thought on at what stage

Eco-design Lids wheel

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0/ New Concept Development Functional optimization Dematerialization or optimization of product mass Integration of functions 1/ Selection of low-impact materials Renewable, non-hazardous materials Low energy-content materials Recycled materials 3/ Optimization of production techniques Low/clean energy consumption Low generation of wastes Fewer production steps Alternative processes 5/ Reduction of ecological impact at use Few energy/material consumption during use No auxiliary energy/material use 6/ Optimization of initial lifetime Reliability and durability Modular structure, classic design Easy maintenance and repair, user taking care 7/ Optimization of end-of-life system Recover materials, reuse, recycle, optimize waste treatment (incineration, composting,…) 2/ Reduction of materials Weight reduction Transport volume reduction 4/ Optimization of distribution processes Efficient logistics Optimized transport system (transport packaging) Single use products Durable products Concept Brezet & van Hemel, 1997, adapted from - Aguledo 2016, PhD Thesis, DOI 10.13140/RG.2.2.36786.61126 23

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Ecodesign tools - Evaluative tools

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Ecodesign tools Evaluative tools

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Some tips for the use of evaluative tools

note: What indicators are proposed

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

note: ### Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Source: European Commission LCA Info Hub: http://lca.jrc.EC.europa.EU/lcainfohub/introduction.vm### For detailed information see lecture on LCA . 26

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Key notions of LCA

note: ### Key notions of LCA Functional unit Quantitative expression of a service unit Includes time necessary for a given service In case quantification difficult to obtain, use of a reference unit Example: Painting: cover 20 m 2 of a normalized surface with opacity higher than 98 % and without cracks for 10 years under UV light without weather exposure. Shampooing: wash middle long hair and obtain sensorially appreciated smooth effect for 12 hours in temperate climate (4 hours outside in urban environment and 8 h inside) Difficulty: how to obtain a norm quantity? -> least bad choice: approximately 8 mL, being average quantity of consumers poured in their hand during washing giving rise to a reference unit. Product lifetime - Lifetime of the product itself, not service time! Source: Ventère, 2012, Techniques de l’Ingénieur, [G 6000] 27

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Key notions of eco-design / LCA

note: ### Key notions of eco-design / LCA Environmental impacts Elementary flow Environmental impact Carbon Petrol Water … Depletion of non renewable resources CFC CO 2 NO X … Depletion of ozone layer Greenhouse effect Climate change INPUTS OUTPUTS Source: Ventère, 2012, Techniques de l’Ingénieur, [G 6000] LCA Conversion of elementary flows to impacts - One flow can have multiple impacts 28

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Key notions of eco-design / LCA

note: ### Key notions of eco-design / LCA System boundaries Source: Ventère, 2012, Techniques de l’Ingénieur, [G 6000] Inputs: depletion of natural resources Outputs: emissions into water, soil, air, landfill - From the resource to the landfill, including transport, neglecting initial investments (such as construction of industrial sites, roads…) Consideration electrical power by initial transformation of matter into power (combustion) Elementary flows of matter 29

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Elements of LCA

note: ### Elements of LCA Goal and scope definition defines the goal and intended use of the LCA, and scopes the assessment concerning system boundaries, function and flow, required data quality, technology and assessment parameters. Life Cycle Inventory analysis, LCI, is an activity for collecting data on inputs (resources and intermediate products) and outputs (emissions, wastes) for all the processes in the product system. Life Cycle Impact Assessment, LCIA, is the phase of the LCA where inventory data on inputs and outputs are translated into indicators about the product system’s potential impacts on the environment, on human health, and on the availability of natural resources. Interpretation is the phase where the results of the LCI and LCIA are interpreted according to the goal of the study and where sensitivity and uncertainty analysis are performed to qualify the results and the conclusions. Sources: European Commission LCA Info Hub: http://lca.jrc.EC.europa.EU/lcainfohub/introduction.vm### Rousseaux, 2005, Techniques de l’ingénieur, ref . G5500 30

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LCA difficulties to be considered

note: ### LCA difficulties to be considered Availability and quality of data scarcely measured If measured, often confidential If available, often aggregated Uncertainties not known…. Allocation of impacts in case of Co-productions Co-treatments Revalorizations Methodological issues Integration of spatio -temporal factors - Improvement of impact indicators Toxicity, ecotoxicity, biodiversity, water depletion… Co-production Co-treatment revalorization Sources: Rousseaux, 2005, Techniques de l’ingénieur, ref . G5500 Schneider, 1998, Techniques de l’ingénieur, ref . G5550 31

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Shifting burdens issue

note: ### Shifting burdens issue

Source: European Commission LCA Info Hub http://lca.jrc.EC.europa.EU/lcainfohub/introduction.vm

The “shifting of burdens” issue: Including the whole life cycle helps ensure that no environmental burdens are shifted to other life phases, i.e. it is avoided that improvements in one part of the life cycle (e.g. production) lead to even higher impacts in other parts of the same life cycle (e.g. the product use), and vice versa. At the same time, an LCA helps to identify and avoid the shifting of burdens among different impacts, as it can and should consider in parallel effects on e.g. Climate Change, Acidification, Summer Smog, Natural Resource Consumption etc. 32

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Simplified qualitative assessment of - Life Cycle - SQALC

note: Simplified one point assesssment

Simplified qualitative assessment of Life Cycle - SQALC

Selective and qualitative method for single point assessment used for selective improvement Assessment steps Qualitative assessment be questionnaires Quantitative assessment of hot spots of step 1 by indicators Product mass Energy content Energy consumption - Recyclability Generated pollution,… Recommendations Example of available tools: Ecodesign Pilot - TU Wien PIQET – Packaging Impact Quick Evaluation Tool Svanes, Pack Technol & Sci, 2010 33

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Guidelines

note: ### Overview of tools for eco-design at different levels of expertise and moments in the design process Source: Bellini, Janin, 2011, Techniques de l’Ingénieur, [G 6010] 34

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Circular economy – circularity indicators

note: ### Circular economy – circularity indicators Indicator types M. Saidani et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 207 (2019) 542e559 Examples Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015, https:// ellenmacarthurfoundation.org / resources / circulytics / overview - Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) Evans and Bocken, 2015, http:// circulareconomytoolkit.org / Toolkit.html Circular Economy Toolkit 35

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Choice of indicators

note: ### Choice of indicators - Project of Université Saclay / Centrale- Supelec http:// www.circulareconomyindicators.com / cpitool.php 36

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Structure of mass flow indicators

note: ### Structure of mass flow indicators Overall material flow circulation ratio: Overall material flow circulation ratio: the higher, the more efficient - Virtanen et al, J. Cleaner Production, 2019, 20, 1020 37

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8. Commons Alignment Assessment (v2.0)

This assessment evaluates the pattern based on the Commons OS v2.0 framework, which focuses on the pattern’s ability to enable resilient collective value creation.

1. Stakeholder Architecture: The ecodesign pattern implicitly defines a multi-stakeholder architecture by considering the entire product lifecycle, involving designers, manufacturers, consumers, and regulators. The EU’s Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) formalizes responsibilities for producers, but the rights and responsibilities of other stakeholders, particularly the environment and future generations, are addressed as outcomes rather than core architectural principles.

2. Value Creation Capability: Ecodesign excels at creating multi-faceted value. It generates ecological value through resource efficiency, waste reduction, and pollution prevention. Economic value is realized through cost savings, new market opportunities, and enhanced brand reputation. Socially, it responds to the growing demand for sustainable products and promotes corporate responsibility, while the use of tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) builds knowledge value.

3. Resilience & Adaptability: The pattern fosters resilience by promoting the design of durable, repairable, and upgradable products, which allows systems to better withstand supply chain disruptions and resource scarcity. Its emphasis on modularity and continuous improvement through tools like the Lids wheel enables adaptability to evolving environmental regulations, technological advancements, and consumer needs.

4. Ownership Architecture: While not explicitly redefining ownership, ecodesign shifts the concept from a purely transactional view to one of stewardship. By emphasizing the entire product lifecycle and advocating for circularity, it embeds a sense of responsibility for the product’s end-of-life into the ownership model, moving beyond mere monetary equity.

5. Design for Autonomy: The principles of ecodesign, such as modularity, standardization, and clear information (e.g., Digital Product Passport), are highly compatible with autonomous systems. These principles can facilitate automated manufacturing, repair, and recycling processes, and could be managed by DAOs or other distributed systems with low coordination overhead.

6. Composability & Interoperability: Ecodesign is a highly composable pattern that can be integrated with numerous other frameworks to build larger value-creation systems. It naturally complements patterns like the circular economy, open-source hardware, and various sustainable business models. The use of standardized methodologies like LCA ensures a degree of interoperability and shared understanding across different applications.

7. Fractal Value Creation: The core logic of ecodesign—minimizing environmental impact while maximizing value—is fractal and can be applied at various scales. It is effective from the level of a single component to a complex product, a service, a business model, and even urban planning, demonstrating its scalability.

Overall Score: 4 (Value Creation Enabler)

Rationale: Ecodesign is a powerful enabler of collective value creation, providing a robust framework and practical tools for reducing environmental impact and fostering a circular economy. It strongly aligns with the principles of Commons OS v2.0, but it is more of a design philosophy and methodology than a complete, self-contained value creation architecture. Its primary focus is on the ‘how’ of sustainable production, and it requires integration with other patterns to fully realize a commons-based system.

Opportunities for Improvement:

Explicitly define the rights and responsibilities of all stakeholders, including the environment and future generations, within the ecodesign framework.
Develop more explicit models of ownership that formalize the stewardship responsibilities of producers and consumers.
Strengthen the integration with digital technologies like blockchain and DAOs to enhance transparency, traceability, and autonomous management of ecodesigned products and systems.

ecodesign

Sandra Domenek

Eco-design

Programme: Introduction to eco-design Innovative design Eco-design tools Generative tools Evaluative tools - Circularity indicators

Introduction to eco -design

Definition and legal framework

Eco-design for - Sustainable Products Regulation

Eco-design for - Sustainable Products Regulation

Specific measures concern: Digital product passport Rules to addres s destruction of unsold consumer goods - Green public procurement

Characteristics of the eco-design approach

Environmental impacts

Calculation of the reduction of environmental impact

Fundamental principles

Evolution of freedom in the design process

Evolution of freedom in the design process TIME Early Development Stages Late Development Stages Degree of Freedom Cost of - Change Environmental Lock-In GENERATIVE EVALUATIVE TOOLS AND MODELS

Eco-design

Programme: Introduction to eco -design Innovative design Eco-design tools Generative tools Evaluative tools - Circularity indicators

Innovative design

Innovative design C-K theory

Innovative design C-K theory

Innovative proposition can be widened by acquired knowledge From: Wikipedia: C-K theory by - Armand Hatchuel Existing and acquired knowledge helps to formulate propositions; knowledge acquisition is driven by novel product propositions

Design process

Principles of creative problem solving

Eco-design

Programme: Introduction to eco-design Innovative design Eco-design tools Generative tools Evaluative tools - Circularity indicators

Eco-design Tools Generative tools

Eco-design Tools Generative tools

Qualitative rules “of the thumb”

Some rules of the thumb for packaging

The 12 principles of green chemistry

from Anastas et Warner, 1998

Eco-design Lids wheel

Eco-design Lids wheel

1

Ecodesign tools - Evaluative tools

Ecodesign tools Evaluative tools

Some tips for the use of evaluative tools

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Key notions of LCA

Key notions of eco-design / LCA

Key notions of eco-design / LCA

Elements of LCA

LCA difficulties to be considered

Shifting burdens issue

Source: European Commission LCA Info Hub http://lca.jrc.EC.europa.EU/lcainfohub/introduction.vm

Simplified qualitative assessment of - Life Cycle - SQALC

Simplified qualitative assessment of Life Cycle - SQALC

Guidelines

Circular economy – circularity indicators

Choice of indicators

Structure of mass flow indicators

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8. Commons Alignment Assessment (v2.0)

Cultivate Living Systems